Culture in South Africa

South Africa is a kaleidoscope of culture; a big warm colorful melting pot of culture that is full of exotic ingredients and tasty surprises, and has since then evolved and developed its rich flavors over the centuries. Get a taste of the South African rainbow of culture right from Zulu to archeology, and with a dollop of Kwaito, Quagga, Jukskei, and Corné to go!

Perhaps one of the most spectacular features about the culture in South Africa would be that there isn’t just one single culture, but instead a whole cornucopia of different cultures that represent every level of an extremely stratified community. There are of course many hybrid mixtures of these varied cultures, making this nation one of the most culturally diverse nations in the world.

Culture cant get more diverse than it is in South Africa. This is a multiracial community and defining certain distinct subgroups by skin color alone will land you into a great deal of trouble. Those of British and Afrikaner descent most certainly wont be too happy to be mistaken as one another, and there are many different major and minor groupings that come under the traditional black African cultures.

The melding and mingling in the urban areas of South Africa, together with the intense suppression if the age-old traditional cultures during the years of apartheid, means that the older, more pleasant ways of life are all beginning to fade, but the traditional black cultures are still going strong in many parts of the countryside. Across the different tribes and groups, taboos and marriage customs tend to differ, but one common point that you will notice amongst most of the African traditional cultures is that they are all based on beliefs in ancestral spirits, masculine deities, and supernatural forces. On the whole, polygamy is acceptable and a dowry is generally paid. Cattle also play a very big role in most South African cultures as sacrificial animals and are looked upon as symbols of wealth and riches.

Looking at the art that has come out of the aboriginal populations of South Africa is probably the only way that we can connect with many of its lost cultures. Cave paintings and rock paintings by the San that back to nearly 26,000 years ago are just a small example of the art that has come out of this diverse cultural melting pot that is known to us as South Africa. There are many other cases, like the intricately ‘coded’ beadwork made by the Zulus, which is another good example of the traditional African art that have been created and adapted to survive in different conditions. The Zulu is probably one of the only strongest black cultures that survive till date and the Zulu songs along with their massed singing demonstrations are a very powerful reflection of this ancient culture. The Xhosa tribe also has a very strong presence in the cultural stage of South Africa and they are also known as the red people because of the red clothing worn by the adults.

The distinct culture of the Afrikaner’s has been developed throughout the years in a very deliberate isolation that saw them wandering around with their cows and a Bible in their hands while the rest of Europe experimented with liberalism and democracy. The rural communities of today still revolve around the conservative churches.

Apart from the Afrikaners, most of the white South Africans are of British descent. The British tend to be a lot more urbanized and dominate most of the financial and business sectors today. There is quite a large and extremely influential Jewish population as well, and a very significant Indian minority.

The British can be blamed for the large part of the food that is dished out in South Africa, although it isn’t as bad as it may seem, the situation is indeed improving dramatically. Boerewors sausages or steak, over boiled veggies (bland to say the least) and chips are the staple diet, and when you encounter food that seems to be a little more adventurous than the norm, then its probably going to turn out to be scary to say the least. Vegetarians will certainly not have a good time here. Traditional African dishes are generally not served in restaurants, but you’ll probably come across places that serve stew belly-fillers and cheap rice in most towns. Brandy and beer are the most popular beverages, and the excellent wines that come out of the South African vineyards are becoming increasingly popular.

Even though South Africa is home to many different cultures, most of these were suppressed during the years of apartheid, when all the daily practices of traditional as well as the contemporary cultures were ignored, destroyed or trivialized. In a society where a person could be imprisoned for just owning a politically incorrect piece of art like a painting, all the serious works of art were forced underground and the galleries and theaters were chock full bland works of art.

One of the best prospects of South Africa is that this country is always in the process of reinventing itself, and with such a large amount of the population that is marginalized from the economic mainstream; this is taking place without much input from any of those professional image makers. Music is another part of the culture that exemplifies the diversity and range of the culture in South Africa. Classical music, even though it is European in nature, is enjoyed occasionally at concerts throughout the country. Jazz is also a favorite in the larger townships and has diversified and developed into three very distinctive genres, namely: Black jazz, township jazz and Marabi. Kwaito is also very popular. Pop and rock are also favorites and many South African musicians have even created sounds that cannot really be confined to any particular genre, but are distinctly South African in nature.

So, come and enjoy the beauty of South Africa’s culture.

Indonesian Wedding Traditions!

Customary Engagement Etiquette in Indonesia

An Indonesian engagement could easily last for many years. During this time, ceremonial gift giving takes place between the bride and groom's families to strengthen their familiarity.

Indonesian Wedding Ceremony

An Indonesian wedding program is a very important event. Everyone that is even slightly acquainted with the bride and groom may be invited, and this could mean thousands of guests.


The majority of invited guests do not attend the actual ceremony, but it is considered rude to be invited to the wedding reception, to share in the joy of the newlyweds, and to not attend.

Wedding Reception Celebration

There is often an elaborate processional into the reception site, which consists of a long chain of flowers. Professional dancers perform traditional Indonesian dances, while family and guests await the arrival of the newlyweds.

It is customary for the traditional Indonesian bride and groom to greet each guest in a long receiving line, before the reception festivities can begin.

French Wedding Traditions!

France has always been a crossroads of Europe, so it should be no surprise that French wedding customs are a rich mix of customs from other cultures together with those nurtured in the most romantic country in the world.

During the Middle Ages, the prospective Breton groom left a hawthorn branch for his sweetheart as a signal she was his chosen bride. Hawthorn has been used as a herbal remedy for heart problems for centuries. Other grooms used the village tailor as a go between who arranged things with the girl and her parents.

Confirming an engagement with a gift of jewelry is an ancient custom, but diamond jewelry first caught the attention of fashionistas at the court of King Charles VII when he gave diamonds to the notorious Agnès Sorel rather than to his wife, thereby proving himself the true son of his father, Charles the Mad.

French brides to be receive the credit for the idea of the trousseau, originally a collection of clothing and household linens stored in a hope chest or elaborately carved armoire.

This armoire was destined to become a central piece of furniture in the household of the newlyweds. Some sources go further and suggest the concept of the trousseau contributed to the development of the bridal showers we hold today.

Since regular bathing was not possible without elaborate plumbing, a pre-wedding bath became a necessary custom for French brides – and hopefully their fiancés – though whether bathing grew from a desire for cleanliness or ritual purification is unclear. Certainly, richly scented flowers have always played an important part in French weddings. Their aroma contributes to the overall beauty of the service, and the traditional romantic language of flowers adds to the message of love and joy. However, there was a time when the fashion for orange blossoms outstripped the seasonal supply, and some brides resorted to orange blossoms made of wax.

While Anne of Brittany is widely credited with wearing the first white wedding dress, it was Queen Victoria's friend and contemporary, the Empress Eugénie, who made white the color of choice in France. Today's French bride wears a chic, flattering wedding gown, but regional costumes were once popular. In Brittany for example, brides yearned for elaborately skirted dresses of white and purple velvet and gold cloth.

The charming village custom of the groom to be escorting his fiancée and the wedding party to the church for the ceremony has survived. In Brittany, children block the road with ribbons that must be cut by the bride. The groom has to remove briars that have been placed across the road by those who demand and receive payment for these obstacles.

Once the guests have gathered at the church, the groom and his mother precede the rest of the wedding party down the aisle.

Near the end of the ceremony, a protective square of silk, called a "carré," is held over the heads of the bride and groom as they are blessed by the priest. This same silk will wrap their children when they are baptized.

Like couples almost everywhere, French newlyweds can expect their guests to fling something at them as they leave the church. Depending on local custom, guests might throw grains such as wheat or rice for fertility or even gift the bride with loaves of bread. Elsewhere, guests toss almond dragées or coins at the couple who walk over aromatic laurel leaves strewn outside the door of the church.

Toasts of "health" or "santé" to the bride and groom hark back to actual toast. Even today, a piece of bread may be placed in a traditional two-handled cup along with wines from two different vineyards. This represents the couple's union, and after they drink the wine, they eat the bread, a symbol of life.

The French often hire a professional champagne opener for weddings. This expert uses a saber, a Napoleonic cavalry-style sword, to whack open bottles of celebratory champagne.

The croquembouche has been the traditional French wedding cake since the 1600s. This "mouth cruncher" is a golden dream consisting of a pyramid of creampuffs covered with hard-crack sugar and then spun, lightly caramelized sugar. The concept originated from an earlier time when guests would stack little cakes and call for the newlyweds to kiss over the stack without disturbing it.

Dancing is a popular pastime at French weddings. In Brittany, the traditional dance is the "rond" in which people join hands and dance in a circle.

Bridal garters and bouquets have been tossed at French weddings for hundreds of years. Originally, it is suspected the garter was hurled in the faces of drunken guests, but flowers have always been thrown to whomever will be next to marry.

French wedding guests have long believed in extending their participation in the festivities to the wedding night. They purposefully disturb the new couple with loud noises and drunken songs in return for another drink or two with the bride and groom. This practice is called variously "chiverie" or "charivari." French settlers brought the chiverie to North America where it became known as a "shivaree."

When the celebrations wind down, someone may head to the kitchen to prepare a strengthening onion soup as a morning after pick-me-up.

Indigenous culture and traditions of Nepal

Nepal is the pious Hindu country in the lapse of the Himalayas, which is beautiful, quiet, the birth place of Buddha and origin of Hinduism. Besides being the country of Everest it is equally popular with its diverse cultural values. This is the land where civilization began and is also known as the country of 'SANGRILA.' Nepal is as holy place to Hindus & Buddhists, as Mecca for Muslims and Jerusalem to Jews and Christians.

Nepal is a country sandwiched between China and India. Because of its geo-political situation, Nepal's sovereignty has always been very sensitive. Nepal is rich culturally and naturally. Our successful foreign policy would be to maintain our culture, traditions and indigenous identities to balance between China and India. Actually, Nepal is a paradise which provides calmness and rejuvenation to the mind. This lovely place is also said as the potpourri of ethnicity and has many cultural landscapes. This land of bio-diversity has so many cultural and religious landmarks that give a soothing experience to everyone. Nepal is a rich and complex mix of different cultures and traditions, melded over thousands of years into a unique whole. For the western traveler there is much that is familiar, and many surprises. Family and religion are of paramount importance, and are constantly reflected throughout the culture. Culture provides essential information on attitudes, beliefs and behavior in different countries, ensuring that you arrive at your destination aware of basic manners, common courtesies, and sensitive issues. It offers illuminating insights into the culture and society of a particular country. Nepal moves to a different rhythm than the West.

Hinduism and Buddhism: The religious structure of Nepalese society is formally Hindu; but here and only here the interplay of peoples and their religious traditions has produced a rich fusion of Hindu and Buddhist faiths. It is common for both Hindus and Buddhists to worship at the same shrine, for many gods and saints are cross-over, often known by a different name but holding the same attributes. The original inhabitants of the valley were animists, a tradition which survives in the multitude of spirits, demons, local deities, and stones which receive dutiful worship to this day. Hindu and Buddhist traditions adapted from the pre-existing animist practices and from each other. Indeed, in the medieval period, when both religions' practice adopted mystical, Tantric traditions, they were almost indistinguishable from each other. Nepal's History and Religions Nepal is a rich and complex mix of different cultures and traditions, melded over thousands of years into a unique whole. For the western traveler there is much that is familiar, and many surprises. Family and religion are of paramount importance, and are constantly reflected throughout the culture. Nepal moves to a different rhythm than the West. The notes here are meant only to tantalize you into visiting this amazing place.

Prithvi Narayan Shah, the unifier of Nepal is the pride of Nepal. It was almost 100 years before unification of Germany (1868), Italy (1868), and the restoration of the Meiji (Japan, 1868) in which America was also under British dependency, that Prithvi Narayan Shah had already unified (1768) 54 small fiefdoms to build a large, expanded and greater Nepal. But after the movement of April 2006 and the party leaders Congress, UML and Maoists came to power they smashed the statue of the great King, contempt and insulted him and called off the birth anniversary of the late king as a day of national unity. Why?

A country's existence and prestige can gradually be eroded by finishing off its faith and belief tradition and culture and the creator of nation. If anyone wants the assurance of integrity and lasting peace in this country, one must not be confused about the country's century's old customs and religion prestige as well as the builder

of nationality and unity.

Having diverse cohesive communities, Nepal has built up as a nation in a long historical process. Nepal was worthy to be bowed down by Hindus all over the world. This is the highest honor Nepal could receive from the international community. Nepal's prestige and honor would elevate further if this country is declared as "Hindu and Buddhist" country, instead of a secular state. But, at present why the peaceful country where Lord Buddha was born has become the venue of confrontations? The main causes of the crisis is the abolishing our culture and traditions. Some are going to abolish the creations of Prithbinarayan Shah and to destroy his statute.

Dr. Fareed Zakaria's (Harvard University USA) has written a book- 'The Post American World-2008' and he has offered the confusion that Buddha was born in India. Dr. Zakaria's intention is to create fissures between Hindus and Buddhists and between the people of Nepal and India. Lord Buddha was born in Lumbini, the western part of Nepal. He definitely went to Gaya, now in India, for enlightenment but never received any citizenship from any part of the present day India. Buddha was born to a Hindu ruler. Buddhism was his creation. Buddhism became a religion because human beings thrive for peace rather than violence. We hope, Dr. Zakaria is trying to exercise in futility by creating confusion on Lord Buddha. Siddhartha Gautama, the Lord Buddha, was born in 623 B.C. in the famous gardens of Lumbini, which soon became a place of pilgrimage. Among the pilgrims was the Indian emperor Ashoka, who erected one of his commemorative pillars there.

The site is now being developed as a Buddhist pilgrimage centre, where the archaeological remains associated with the birth of the Lord Buddha form a central feature. Lumbinī is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi district of Nepal, near the Indian border. It is the place where Queen Mayadevi is said to have given birth to Siddhartha Gautam, who as the Buddha founded the Buddhist tradition. Records made by the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian were also used in the process of identifying this religiously acclaimed site. The holy site of Lumbini has ruins of ancient monasteries, a sacred Bodhi tree, an ancient bathing pond, the Ashoka pillar and the Mayadevi temple. The truth, however is that Buddha was born at Lumbini in present Rupandehi district of western Terai region in Nepal. A fact accepted by UNESCO while providing world heritage status to the place.

Similarly, some Communist and anti-nationalists are active to minimize Hinduism and dismiss the existence of Buddha. One of the communist old-leader Mohan Bikram Sing has written that Buddha was burn in Orissa (India) but not in Nepal. (See: Kantipur B.S.2059 Bhadra 19) What is that means? Such antagonistic so-called politicians, some against of Christian are habituated to exploit our national culture, religions and identities. This is the matter of grief for all the nationalists. But, the renowned historian of India and native Orrisan Prof. Karuna Sagar Behera has been quoted as saying "The Buddha was neither born in Orissa nor visited the place during his lifetime.

Hindu and Buddhist both are the original assets of Nepal. According to Encyclopedia of Religions and Ethics, signs of Hindu religion are even found in the present Islamic country like Iran. A stone scripture of 486 BC found in Iran contains the words Hindu and Hindus. Even an ancient Parsi scripture 'Shatir' has lifted a word of Ved Vyas 'I am a true Hindu born in a Hindu country'. Another Hindu philosopher Manu has taken the area between Bindhya in south India and the Himalayas in the north as Aryabrata, the land of Aryans. Even outside travelers like Megasthaniz and Fai Han have written in their travel memoirs after their visit of the Kingdom of Chandra Gupta Maurya that Hindus have tall figure, long life, healthy, who avoid narcotics, simple, intelligent, truthful, who do not keep witness in transactions, do not lock their houses and there is no theft. So, in the evolutionary process of the world's civilization, Hindu philosophy is taken as liberal, simple and tolerant. A Nepali Scholar Mr. Dinbandhu Aryal expains –'Hinduism is the sum and substance of the traditional humane cordiality. The African leader Nelson Mandella was impressed from Vedas, legends and Upanishads. He wanted to be converted Hindu for that purpose he wanted to perform penance or provide donation if necessary. He would be gratified and feel fortunate'

Hinduism is the most liberal and tolerant of religions. How can the oldest and most liberal of religions be thrown away just like that? No religion (and certainly not Hinduism & Buddhism) should be made a political issue. Because of this unique heritage and culture, Nepal has been contributing an ingenuity of resolving its conflicts and differences. Why the culprit leaders of (Congress, UML & Maoists) party didn't try to understand the sentiments of the people? It is the main duty for all the leaders to care the basic norms and values of the nation. But, by declaring Nepal a secular state & republic, the visionless party leaders have done just that: tried to put together the unmixable, which could be dangerous for the stabilized Nepali society. No one has right to trample believe and conviction of the people rights. A prominent editor of Peoples Review Pushpa Raj Pradhan writes- 'During the Indra Jatra festival ,the Newar community was agitated when they were faced with the budget cut for marking the festival. The Maoist leaders are seen reluctant in preserving our own identity.'

Is a matter of grief that our cultural assets are thieving by the some Nepalese culprits and the foreigners since 30 years? Being not the national honesty to our political leaders and administrators, Nepal is becoming poorer & poorer day-by-day in our culture and national existence & spirit. One of the cultural historians G.C.Alpen has written remarkably before 24 years ago in The Rising Nepal - 'To see well this organized art theft going on daily apparently unhanded, is a painful experience for those of us who do not look at all upon Nepal as an 'under-developed', but a highly civilized country, unique in the world as a fascinating focus of culture and religion, a treasure-house of spiritual knowledge and traditions that have survived here, as if a miracle-amidst a spreading world of our and aggressive materialism.' People in the developed country appreciate the physical beauty of the stolen ancient images from the temple of Nepal at their respective country while the Nepalese old mothers are desperate and breaking out into tears. The images which were meticulously carved with precious stone and jewels taking two thousand years were destroyed within the period of recent thirty years. Let there be no such destruction anymore.

The Hindus have the freedom to pursue their own way of observing the religion. If Nepal is to be declared a secular country, all countries, which call themselves as Christian or Muslim countries should also be declared secular countries. If they want Nepal to become a secular country, then they should also be willing to shun their 'Cross' of the Christians, 'sign of David of the Jews and 'Kava' of Muslims. However, it needs to be pondered that even if Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom, its nature was like a secular country as Hindus have never done anything that would harass or trouble other religions. The Hindus and the Buddhists are more than three billions. It is a scared land for more than a billion Hindus and Buddhists. So, it is our request not to exercise in ineffectiveness. In the name of transforming the country into 'New Nepal' this is not the way to destroy our culture and traditions.

'OM' is a symbol of Vedic Knowledge. Hindus, Buddhist's Mantra. It provides a fine example of Symbolism. Symbolism is needed in all fields of human knowledge like science, religion and politics. Spoken sounds of words are expressed as Alphabets and Numbers with Symbols by writing. 'OM' and 'OM Mani Padme Hum' is a language of Sanskrit. It is universe. So, we should have to think independently and have to come to our own conclusion. Nepalese nationalism has evolved and been consolidated more through social and cultural exchanges than conflicts. Nepalese monarchy has been offering balance role among the miscellaneous communities, castes and religions. So, to keep intact our sovereignty, indigenous cultural assets there should have to reinstate our monarchy.

South Korea - Culture, Customs and Etiquette

Korean Family Values

. The family is the most important part of Korean life.
. In Confucian tradition, the father is the head of the family and it is his responsibility to provide food, clothing and shelter, and to approve the marriages of family members.
. The eldest son has special duties: first to his parents, then to his brothers from older to younger, then to his sons, then to his wife, and lastly to his daughters.
. Family welfare is much more important than the needs of the individual.
. Members of the family are tied to each other because the actions of one family member reflect on the rest of the family.
. In many cases the family register can trace a family's history, through male ancestors, for over 500 years.

Confucianism

. The teachings of Confucius describe the position of the individual in Korean society.
. It is a system of behaviours and ethics that stress the obligations of people towards one another based upon their relationship.
. The basic tenets are based upon five different relationships: 1) ruler and subject, 2) husband and wife, 3) parents and children, 4)brothers and sisters and 5) friend and friend
. Confucianism stresses duty, loyalty, honour, filial piety, respect for age and seniority, and sincerity.

Korean Ancestors

. Ancestors are based on the male family line.
. Children are raised to believe they can never repay their debt to their parents, hence the popularity of ancestor worship.
. They hold ancestral ceremonies for the previous three generations (parents, grandparents, and great grandparents) several times a year, particularly on Chusok and New Year's Day.
. On Chusok, people cook and set out food to celebrate their ancestors.

The Concept of Kibun

. Kibun is a word with no literal English translation; the closest terms are pride, face, mood, feelings, or state of mind.
. If you hurt someone's kibun you hurt their pride, cause them to lose dignity, and lose face. Korean interpersonal relationships operate on the principle of harmony.
. It is important to maintain a peaceful, comfortable atmosphere at all times, even if it means telling a "white lie".
. Kibun enters into every facet of Korean life.
. It is important to know how to judge the state of someone else's kibun, how to avoid hurting it, and how to keep your own kibun at the same time.
. In business, a manager's kibun is damaged if his subordinates do not show proper respect. A subordinate's kibun is damaged if his manager criticizes him in public.
. Nunchi is the ability to determine another person's kibun by using the eye.
. Since this is a culture where social harmony is crucial, being able to judge another person's state of mind is critical to maintain the person's kibun.
. Nunchi is accomplished by watching body language and listening to the tone of voice as well as what is said.

Etiquette & Customs in South Korea

Meeting Etiquette

. Greetings follow strict rules of protocol.
. Many South Koreans shake hands with expatriates after the bow, thereby blending both cultural styles.
. The person of lower status bows to the person of higher status, yet it is the most senior person who initiates the handshake.
. The person who initiates the bow says, "man-na-suh pan-gop-sumnida", which means "pleased to meet you."
. Information about the other person will be given to the person they are being introduced to in advance of the actual meeting.
. Wait to be introduced at a social gathering.
. When you leave a social gathering, say good-bye and bow to each person individually.

Gift Giving Etiquette

. Gifts express a great deal about a relationship and are always reciprocated.
. It is inconsiderate to give someone an expensive gift if you know that they cannot afford to reciprocate accordingly.
. Bring fruit or good quality chocolates or flowers if invited to a Korean's home.
. Gifts should be wrapped nicely.
. The number 4 is considered unlucky, so gifts should not be given in multiples of 4.
. Giving 7 of an item is considered lucky.
. Wrap gifts in red or yellow paper, since these are royal colours. Alternatively, use yellow or pink paper since they denote happiness.
. Do not wrap gifts in green, white, or black paper.
. Do not sign a card in red ink.
. Use both hands when offering a gift.
. Gifts are not opened when received.

Dining Etiquette

If you are invited to a South Korean's house:
. It is common for guests to meet at a common spot and travel together.
. You may arrive up to 30 minutes late without giving offence.
. Remove your shoes before entering the house.
. The hosts greet each guest individually.
. The host pours drinks for the guests in their presence. The hostess does not pour drinks.
. The hosts usually accompany guests to the gate or to their car because they believe that it is insulting to wish your guests farewell indoors.
. Send a thank you note the following day after being invited to dinner.

Table manners

. Wait to be told where to sit. There is often a strict protocol to be followed.
. The eldest are served first.
. The oldest or most senior person is the one who starts the eating process.
. Never point your chopsticks.
. Do not pierce your food with chopsticks.
. Chopsticks should be returned to the table after every few bites and when you drink or stop to speak.
. Do not cross your chopsticks when putting them on the chopstick rest.
. Do not pick up food with your hands. Fruit should be speared with a toothpick.
. Bones and shells should be put on the table or an extra plate.
. Try a little bit of everything. It is acceptable to ask what something is.
. Refuse the first offer of second helpings.
. Finish everything on your plate.
. Indicate you are finished eating by placing your chopsticks on the chopstick rest or on the table. Never place them parallel across your rice bowl.

Business Etiquette and Protocol

Relationships & Communication

. South Koreans prefer to do business with people with whom they have a personal connection.
. It is therefore crucial to be introduced by a third-party.
. Relationships are developed through informal social gatherings that often involve a considerable amount of drinking and eating.
. Individuals who have established mutual trust and respect will work hard to make each other successful.
. South Koreans treat legal documents as memorandums of understanding.
. They view contracts as loosely structured consensus statements that broadly define agreement and leave room for flexibility and adjustment as needed.
. Under no circumstances insult or to criticize in front of others.
. Sensitive matters may often be raised indirectly through the intermediary that first made the introductions.
. South Koreans are extremely direct communicators. They are not averse to asking questions if they do not understand what has been said or need additional clarification.
. This is a culture where "less is more" when communicating. Respond to questions directly and concisely.
. Since there is a tendency to say "yes" to questions so that you do not lose face, the way you phrase a question is crucial. It is better to ask, "When can we expect shipment?" than "Can we expect shipment in 3 weeks?", since this question requires a direct response.

Business Meeting Etiquette

. Appointments are required and should be made 3 to 4 weeks in advance.
. You should arrive on time for meetings as this demonstrates respect for the person you are meeting.
. The most senior South Korean generally enters the room first.
. It is a good idea to send both an agenda and back-up material including information about your company and client testimonials prior to the meeting.
. The main purpose of the first meeting is to get to know each other.
. Meetings are used to understand a client's needs and challenges. They lay the foundation for building the relationship.
. Do not remove your jacket unless the most senior South Korean does so.
. Have all written materials available in both English and Korean.

Dress Etiquette

. Business attire is conservative.
. Men should wear dark- coloured, conservative business suits with white shirts.
. Women should dress conservatively and wear subdued colours.
. Men should avoid wearing jewellery other than a watch or a wedding ring.

Business Cards

. Business cards are exchanged after the initial introductions in a highly ritualized manner.
. The way you treat someone's business card is indicative of the way you will treat the person.
. Have one side of your business card translated into Korean.
. Using both hands, present your business card with the Korean side facing up so that it is readable by the recipient.
. Examine any business card you receive carefully.
. Put the business cards in a business card case or a portfolio.
. Never write on someone's business card in their presence.

International Culture: Respect is the Key to Successful International Business

If your kind of job involves dealing with international business negotiations, then the concept of respect for international culture should be the first thing you must keep in mind. Dealing with people from different countries can be a little difficult. Most often, what you have in common is too few when compared to your differences. The culture, standards, code of ethics, and traditions are altogether different. However, despite all these differences, ethics related to doing business and negotiations must persist.

International business culture

What is international business culture all about? International business culture compromises the coming together of business people of different backgrounds and cultures to work towards a particular business goal. If you are the one travelling to a different country to negotiate with businessmen based in that country, you should exert some effort to respect the cultural differences and the countries' traditions. The most important thing to remember is to never let their culture get in the way of your business. This can be as simple as observing their religious holidays, and acknowledging the fact that these days are non-working days.

International Festivals

Recently, the international business community has come up with international business festivals to foster tighter relationship among different countries. These international festivals usually involve people belonging of a certain niche or industry, and are excellent opportunities to get to know people who work in the same field internationally.

Dealing with Cultural Differences

How then do you deal with different customs in the business setting? Well, first of all you need to do your very own research on personal and business etiquette in the country you will be travelling to. You can use the Internet or buy a book, whichever you feel is most convenient. Before leaving for your business trip, make sure that you leave your attitude in your home country. Remember that even if you are superior at home, interacting with foreign cultures should always be on a humbled point of view for best results. It is also very important that you try to blend into the culture. Do not resist their food just because you do not like sushi, hold your negative feedback, and try to reach out to them the best that you can.

Do not be surprised about how people conduct business in other countries. Germans, for example, discuss businesses strictly inside the meeting room, and never during meals. Japanese people exchange business cards, a process which seems almost ceremonial; the more you read the card, the more respectful you are. While you can never drink alcohol during negotiations in Australia, social drinking is encouraged in Russia.

Conclusion

It is true how largely different one country's customs are with another. However, in international business, you should go past these differences and move on to your common goals and aspirations. Going past the differences does not mean you ignore the countries traditions or their customs. It means you respect their culture, not because you need to deal with them at the end of the day. It should be because they deserve the respect for their own set of tradition as everybody else in the world does.

Guidelines for Interdependant Cultures

GUIDELINES FOR AN INTERDEPENDENT WORLD CULTURE

We, the assembled, on Saturday, June 25th, 2005, do hereby proclaim our determination to give meaning to life and to be a dynamic force in strengthening our sense of common destiny with the world at large.

Therefore, we offer 36 directives -- nine for each of four arenas important to the achievement of our stated goal:

A world where harmonious co-existence flourishes and prospers.

I. Researching Universal Principles: because increasing understanding of universal principles and the embracing of them supports the goal of unity and cooperation.

Nature of the Individual

1. The nature of the individual must not be bounded, and no one has the right to define another's individuality.

2. Every individual's inexorable seeking nature and drive to know and complete oneself must be encouraged.

3. The fundamental joy of individuality should strive to benefit self and others, and must be cultivated and celebrated.

Nature of Society

4. To solve problems and enrich our lives, everybody needs to come together and interact with other human beings.

5. All humans must reframe their worldviews to also include global interdependence along with their national, local, and other identities.

6. A healthy, well-functioning society must not countenance a disproportionate gap between haves and have-nots but welcome the participation of all of its members.

Nature of the Universe

Humanity must acknowledge that:

7. All living entities share a common source and destiny.

8. Any individual's shift in evolutionary position or physical composition influences a greater body.

9. The universe demands diversity for its continued expansion to realize infinite expression.

II. Developing Universal Persons: because the development of universal persons requires healing of illness and conflict, and enhanced interpersonal and expanded spiritual awareness.

Health and Healing

10. We must ensure every individual has the education and the means to attain access to clean water, nutrition, human settlements, and sanitation.

11. We must engage every person in the processes of identifying problems (physical, mental, emotional), their solutions and implementation, as well as the evaluation of outcomes for the future.

12. We must recognize that policy -- made at the personal through global levels -- must integrate mechanisms for responsibility, accountability, and capacity building.

Interpersonal Relations

13. Create environments that promote awareness of and appreciation for diverse worldviews as potential contributions to global solutions.

14. Honor the uniqueness of every person and culture as we discover and explore our common needs and mutually beneficial directions.

15. Provide educational and cultural experiences that open hearts and minds to the common humanity of all.

Spiritual Awareness

16. Recognize the inherent unity and dignity of all life.

17. Engage in constant examination of ourselves to make sure our energy and acts are focused and directed toward benefiting all communities of life on our planet.

18. Direct all our activities, hopes, and dreams and "attunement" toward and for our source, called by any name or no name.

III. Communicating New Realities: because art, education, and media exert an overwhelming influence on individuals and society.

Education

19 Education must include human rights, justice, peace, and environmental sustainability at local, regional, national, and international levels.

20. Education should be designed to inspire and empower positive action.

21. Education should inspire individuals throughout their lifetimes to be responsible for their contribution for a much better future for all life on earth!

Media

22. Informational media shall not sow mistrust of groups but shall publish balanced views and positive aspects; and entertainment shall strive toward these same goals.

23. Media shall communicate ideas that enhance the well-being of society.

24. Media has a responsibility to not mislead, but accurately inform its public to the best of their abilities.

The Arts

25. Art of the new civilization is based on universal principles of peace, justice, love, nonviolence, sustainability, balance of man/woman energies.

26. Art must recognize cultural diversity and promote solutions to universal problems.

27. Art must express individuality as well as collective concerns, and to awaken, inspire, energize, and catalyze change.

IIII. Implementing New Civilization: because we are determined to build a united civilization in which global peace, health, and prosperity flourish and where both leaders and communities promote and reward individual responsibility and cooperation, for the benefit of future generations.

Cultural Understanding

28. We must respect and promote the beauty and commonality of human diversity through dialogue and activism across regions, nations, and continents.

29. We must use education to build bridges of understanding that forge societal bonds that will impact future generations.

30. We must acknowledge our responsibility to inspire future generations to achieve the full potential of united human ability.

Community Involvement

31. We must teach a person to be responsible for his/her community.

32. We must promote and utilize successful actions that have brought about positive change in the community.

33. We must involve all community members, including children and the elderly, to build a stronger community.

Global Solutions

34. We must learn to think globally and act locally.

35. We must ask what we can do for our planet!

36. We must inspire, encourage, and reward responsibility at all levels!

World Ancient Cultures

THE GLORY THAT WAS GREECE....

the GRANDEUR THAT WAS ROME

Culture of China

Chinese Culture is one of the world’s oldest and intricate civilizations with an ancient history of over 5,000 years. It covers a huge geographical area with traditional changes between cities, towns and countries and each sections sometimes divided into individual sub-cultures. The Culture of China is broadly denotes the common cultural foundation.

People of China

In China, many ethnic groups have existed but Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group. These groups have been incorporated within their neighboring ethnicities and many groups with the identity of Han have kept an individual linguistic and regional cultural tradition. Zhonghua Minzu is a Chinese term that is used to explain the view of Chinese nationalism in general and the traditional cultural identity within the community is recognized by the family name.

Languages Spoken in China

In China, languages mainly belong to the family of Sino-Tibetan, spoken by 29 ethnicities. Spoken Chinese has been compiled from a number of Chinese dialects since long. The most spoken languages are Mandarin(spoken by 70% population), Yue(Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Gan, Min, Xiang and Hakka. Non-Sinitic languages included Zhuang(Thai), Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur(Turkic), Hmong and Korean are widely spoken by ethnic minorities. In the Ming Dynasty standard spoken Chinese was nationalized, but it was until the Republic of China in the 20^th century, that there was any positive result in the idea of promoting a common language in China.

The standard of the written language was Classical Chinese being used for thousands of years in China, although in the ancient times it was reserved for the erudite scholars.

Chinese food is famous worldwide for its delicious taste and variety. It is perfect as a food because of its nutrition, colour, shape and appearance. Rice wine is the most popular dish in China. China is also the home of tea.

Vegetarian dishes

Asparagus and Mushrooms with Black Bean Sauce, Deep fried Bean Curd (tofu), Fried Bamboo shoots, Marinated Carrot Shreds, Stuffed Apples, Vegetarian Cabbage Rolls, Vegetarian Chow Mein, Vegetarian Ham, Vegetarian Eight Treasures, Vegetarian Wontons, Fried Rice

Chicken Dishes

Bang Bang Chicken, Bourbon Chicken, Creamy Curried Chicken, Chicken Chow Mein, Chicken with Broccoli, Garlic Chicken, Steamed Chicken, Spicy Szechuan Chicken, Sesame Chicken, Moo Goo Gai Pan (Fresh Mushrooms with Sliced Chicken)

Beef Dishes

Beef Chop Suey, Beef Stew, Beef with Broccoli, Beef with Satin Eggs, Boiled Beef, Braised Beef with Bamboo Shoots, Deep Fried Beef or Mutton Rolls, Ginger Beef, Pepper Steak, Sauteed Beef Strips, Stewed Beef Strips, Sesame Beef Filet

Egg Dishes

Egg Dumplings, Egg Pancake, Egg Rolls, Pancake with Egg Filling, Stir-Fried Egg Floss, Steamed Egg Custard

Noodles Dishes

Crossing the Bridge Noodles, Noodles with Fried Bean-Pasta Sauce, Shrimp Noodles, Lo Mein, Peddler’s hot and Spicy Noodles (Dandan Noodles)

Snacks

Chicken Wings, Boiled Dumplings, Crab Rangoon, Chinese New Year Cakes, Egg Bubble Soup, Five Spice Flavoured Spareribs, Hot and Sour Soup, Spring Roll, Stir-fried Milk, Sweet and Sour Spareribs, Sweetened Dough Twists, white-Boiled Pork with Mashed Garlic

Drinks

Chilled Berry Tea, Bubble Tea, China Girl, China White-1, China White-2, China Village Mai Tai, Chinese Cocktail, Chinese Mary, Double Berry Martini, Hot Tea Mix, Iced Apple Tea, Iced Tea, Wong Tong Cocktail, Salty Soyabean Milk Soup

Sauces

Brown Sauce, Chilli Sauce, Chinese Dry Sauce, Chinese BBQ Sauce, Hoisin Dipping Sauce, Hot Garlic Sauce, Lobster Sauce, Oyster Sauce, Peanut sauce, Plum Sauce, Sesame Vinegary, Spiced Pepper Salt Sauce, Sweet and Sour Dipping Sauce with Brown Sugar, Sweet and Sour Sauce with Black Rice Vinegar, Szechuan Chilli Sauce

Soups and Stew

Chinese Cabbage Soup with Dried Shrimps, Egg Drop Soup, Stewed Beef Soup, Sparerib Soup, Stewed Chicken drumsticks, White Fungus Soup, West Lake Watercress Soup, Vegetarian Country stew, White Gourd Soup with Dried Shrimps

Chinese Dessert

Almond Cookies, Chinese Steamed Cake, Mandarin Orange Pudding, Sago Pudding with Red Bean, Bow Ties, Chop Suey Cake, Chinese New Year Cakes| Nian Gao

Ancient world Cultures

The great civilisations of the Ancient world were Egypt, Greece, Rome and Mesopotamia. The Egyptian collection contains some 2000 objects of which the most famous is the mummy and case of the lady, Takabuti. A small but interesting collection of Greek pots and other objects represents the brilliant society which flourished from 700-145BC. The Roman Empire, which was such a powerful force in the ancient world, is represented by some examples of Roman glass and imported pottery. Mesopotamia which was founded c5000BC kept its historical and commercial records on clay tablets written in cuneiform writing. Several clay tablets, seals and two votive plaques indicate the sophistication of the society which had such importance in the ancient world.

Attic Red-figure Calyx-crater. Scene showing Dionysos and women

Ancient Egypt
The great civilisations of the Ancient world were Egypt, Greece, Rome and Mesopotamia. The mummy of the lady Takabuti and her case represent the Egyptian collection of some 2000 objects. She was a married lady of about thirty years of age and she lived in the important city.

Mediterranean World
A small but interesting collection of Greek pots and other objects represents the brilliant and advanced society that was Ancient Greece, 700 – 145BC. Its vase painting, sculpture, and architecture had great influence throughout the Mediterranean world.

Roman World
Egypto-Roman textile of 5-6th century AD This is a rare piece of linen textile, probably part of a tunic, with tapestry details of men and hares, and was donated by Lady Mabel Annesley.

Mesopotamia
The civilisation of Mesopotamia was founded c5000 BC and quickly grew into a sophisticated society with palaces, temples and strong social organisation. Historical and commercial records were kept on clay tablets written in cuneiform writing which emerged c3000BC.

Pacific Ocean Culture

The Pacific Ocean takes up half the total expanse of sea in the world. Scattered across this vast area are collections of islands which are divided into the three culture groups known as Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia. The inhabitants of all the islands were much affected by commercial exploitation and missionary activity during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Pacific collection provides interesting insights into the lifestyle and customs of the people and contains irreplaceable examples of native craftsmanship. Modern inhabitants of the islands have great pride in the works of their ancestors.

The Maori of New Zealand valued greenstone or nephrite which was found only on South Island. This large greenstone tiki has paua shell eyes and would have been worn by a Maori nobleman or his wife, 19th century. Donated by Mrs F. Sykes, 1933.

Easter Island
The tapa cloth figure is one of only three such figures which survive. It is one of the most striking images of Easter Island, the most remote of all the Polynesian group. It is made of folded rushes covered in barkcloth painted in black designs with orange on the face.

Marquesas Islands
When Captain James Cook visited the Marquesas Islands in 1774 he wrote ‘The Inhabitants of these Islands are without exception as fine a race of people as any in this sea or perhaps any whatever’. The men were tall and strong and the most noble had complete body tattoos.

Solomon Islands
The Solomon Islanders built large plank-built canoes. The planks were cut to fit closely together, holes were bored through the wood and they were lashed together with strong creepers. Finally the seams were caulked with putty nut to keep them watertight.

Vanuata, Melanesia
Music and dance played a large part in the lives of the Pacific Islanders. While the range of musical instruments was not great, all islands in Polynesia and Melanesia had several. This is a unique type of slit drum from Vanuatu in the shape of a standing male figure.

Gilbert Island
The Gilbert Islands are unique in having knives and weapons made from palm wood with sharks’ teeth attached by woven coconut fibre cordDagger and tool or weapon, Gilbert Island, Grainger Coll. pre-1890. The dagger has 15 pairs of bicuspid shark teeth bound with coir to pierced.

North and South American Cultures

The continents of North and South America exhibit every variety of climate and flora and fauna which exists. Millions of people of different cultures inhabit these great continents from the Inuit of the frozen Arctic to the Indians dwelling in Patagonia on the southernmost tip of South America. The artefacts of many of these different peoples are represented in the collection

America
The continents of North and South America exhibit every variety of climate and flora and fauna which exists. Millions of people of different cultures inhabit these great continents from the Inuit of the frozen Arctic to the Indians dwelling in Patagonia on the southernmost.

The Pacific
The Pacific Ocean takes up half the total expanse of sea in the world. Scattered across this vast area are collections of islands which are divided into the three culture groups known as Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia.

The Ancient World
The great civilisations of the Ancient world were Egypt, Greece, Rome and Mesopotamia. The Egyptian collection contains some 2000 objects of which the most famous is the mummy and case of the lady, Takabuti. A small but interesting collection of Greek pots and other objects represents the brilliaint.

The Armada Collection
Of the 130 Spanish ships that set out in 1588 to invade England, over 20 of them were wrecked off the North and West coasts of Ireland. The Ulster Museum owns the excavated remains of three of these ships, the galleass Girona which was wrecked at Lacada Point, near the Giant's Causeway,

Africa Cultures

Africa is the second largest continent in the world. Throughout the centuries African aritsts and craft workers have produced utensils, textiles, personal ornaments, weaponry and ritual objects used in everyday life. The Ulster Museum is fortunate to have over four hundred African objects dating from the 19th and 20th centuries.

Ashanti gold weights

West Africa
The art of weaving was established very early on the African continent. Textiles were made from many materials and a wide range of basketwork was made from leaves, bark and reeds. This coil woven conical hat from West Africa is covered on the outside with cut grassesHat.

South Africa
Africa is very rich in mineral deposits such as copper, iron, gold and silver. Knowledge of metal smelting began very early and by 400BC, the cattle herders and cereal growers of the savanna knew how to smelt iron. Smiths were both revered and feared for their ability.

Asian Cultures

The Asian continent covers a vast area which is occupied by many people of different races and language groups. The collection contains everyday items and those for more special occasions: some are connected with religious practices.

Shadow Puppet, Indonesia

India
The largest group of Asian objects come from India with many other parts of the Asian world represented by much smaller numbers. India has many links with Northern Ireland since colonial times and religious and everyday objects are well represented in the collection.Three large bronze...

Japan
A small but impressive collection from Japan comprises samurai armour, swords, a palanquin, netsuke, some fine ceramics and geological specimens. The kimono, the traditional dress of Japanese women, is still worn on formal occasions. This gold embroidered silk wedding kimono is one of the most sp...

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China
Over several centuries, missionaries and diplomats have established links between Northern Ireland and China. Four model Chinese junks were presented to the Museum by Sir Frederick Maze, KCMG., KBE., Inspector General of Chinese Maritime Customs and Administrator of the Lighthouse Department, 192...

Tibet is one of the largest gold producing countries in the world. The gold is found in streams and river beds and as seams in quartz rocks. Several temple musical instruments and some jewellery and teapots are contained in the Asian collection.Tibetan gold amulet set with turquoise